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ELV stands for end-of-life vehicle. The ELV Directive is the end-of-life vehicle recycling directive adopted by the European Commission and the European Parliament to protect the environment and reduce the waste generated by scrapped vehicles. It has two elements: first, vehicles produced after July 2003 may not contain the four hazardous substances lead, cadmium, mercury and hexavalent chromium; second, to increase the recyclability of end-of-life vehicles, all or most of the recycling costs are borne by manufacturers. The directive sets two stages, reuse and recovery, with targets for reuse and recycling and for reuse and recovery, and specifies the limits for recovery rates together with the heavy metals that are banned or restricted. The main ELV directives are 2000/53/EC of 18 September 2000 and 2005/64/EC of 26 October 2005.