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Solar energy is one of the most environmentally friendly and easily accessible energy sources of the 21st century. With global warming, energy shortages and worldwide attention to environmental protection, research on solar cells and the development of the photovoltaic industry have received attention and support from many countries. The photovoltaic industry has grown rapidly since the 1990s. In recent years, technological progress and government policies — such as Germany's Renewable Energy Sources Act with feed-in tariffs enacted as early as 2000 — have further accelerated the development of solar cells and PV modules.
A solar power system converts light directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect or photochemical effect. It consists of solar cells, a controller, a battery (bank) and an inverter (if the output is AC 220 V or 110 V).
The solar panel is the core of the system. By material, solar cells fall into four categories: silicon solar cells (monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin film and amorphous silicon thin film), multi-compound thin film solar cells, polymer multilayer modified electrode solar cells and nanocrystalline solar cells. Silicon solar cells are the most widely used because they were developed earlier, the technology is relatively mature and conversion efficiency is high. Multi-compound thin film solar cells have developed rapidly in recent years thanks to low material consumption, light weight, smooth appearance and easy installation, with great development potential.
Note that solar power systems also use batteries, which store the electricity generated by the panels in sunlight and release it when needed. Currently lead-acid batteries are generally used, but lithium batteries will undoubtedly gradually replace them.
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