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Hardness is a mechanical property measuring how soft or hard a material is; almost all materials undergo plastic deformation. Hardness testing is widely used because the equipment is simple and the operation is quick and convenient, and it can be regarded as non-destructive testing. Methods include indentation and scratching, covering Brinell hardness, Shore hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness, micro-hardness and Mohs hardness.
The mechanical properties of a material are the mechanical characteristics it exhibits when subjected to various external loads (tension, compression, bending, torsion, impact, alternating stress, etc.) in different environments (temperature, humidity, medium).